Title: Status and assessment of precision in the census of rare Arctic-Alpine plants in Isle Royale National Park
Student: Bridget Thornburg
Other Collaborators: Sarah E. Johnson – Associate Professor of Natural Resources, Lynette R. Potvin – National Park Service
Faculty Advisor: Sarah Johnson

Poster

Abstract
Status and assessment of precision in the census of rare Arctic-Alpine plants in Isle Royale National Park
Bridget R. Thornburg¹, Lynette R. Potvin², Sarah E. Johnson^1,3
1. Northland College, Ashland, WI
2. Isle Royale National Park
3. Project Principal Investigator

Isle Royale National Park has a high concentration of rare plants at the southern edge of their range and species with disjunct populations from the Arctic or alpine regions. This study examined 28-year trends in population structure (number of genets, ramets, and reproductive stems) of Pinguicula vulgaris, Saxifraga tricuspidata, and Saxifraga paniculata, and changes in ocular cover of Vaccinium uliginosum. We focused on seven sites surveyed at six time points. Trends in census counts from 1993 to 2021 reflect dynamic populations and no concerning declines. We considered that census counts in plant population monitoring can be subject to imprecision, so we conducted double-counts of up to seven subsamples. We calculated imprecision with the coefficient of variation and absolute difference between double counts. Despite being easy to detect, Pinguicula vulgaris had the greatest coefficient of variation of 25.4% in the number of ramets counted between observers, and the second greatest mean absolute difference of 75.7 ramets between observers. Both Saxifraga tricuspidata and S. paniculata had similar coefficients of variation in all metrics at 9.1% and 5.3% for ramets, 16.2% and 13.1% for genets, and 4.9% and 5.6% for reproductive stems respectively. Observer error for these species is similarly relatively low despite numerous ramets in some genets of S. tricuspidata. Sustained monitoring of these range-edge species could serve as early indicators of climate change impacts and other drivers of change to the dynamic coastal habitats of Lake Superior. Accounting for imprecision among different observers can help managers make more informed conservation decisions.

Title: Reusable polymers for selective separation of metals from aqueous solutions
Students: Mary Johnson, Lucas Lazorik, Maren Peterson, Rachel Fine, Wyatt Isakson
Faculty Advisor: Nick Robertson

Poster

Abstract
Reusable polymers for selective separation of metals from aqueous solutions
Mary Johnson, Lucas Lazorik, Maren Peterson, Rachel Fine, and Wyatt Isakson

Hydrometallurgy is a technique for separating metals from aqueous solutions. It is used for mining, recycling electronics and batteries, and removing pollutants from contaminated water. Separating metals is a difficult task, and current methods for separation lack the selectivity for efficient metal recycling. In pursuit of better recycling techniques, we are working on developing a series of polymers that can selectively absorb metals from aqueous solutions. Manipulating the structures of the polymers can allow us to pull specific metals out of the aqueous solutions while leaving others behind. If we can achieve good selectivity for one metal, our polymers could find applications in recycling. Additionally, our polymers can pull heavy metals, specifically copper, cobalt, and nickel, from aqueous solutions, demonstrating a visible color change once the metals are absorbed. Polymers that exhibit a color change could be used to detect heavy metals in contaminated water. Notably, our polymers are pH-dependent, meaning the same polymer can be reused multiple times. Future work will include changing the structures of our polymers to achieve better selectivity, hopefully providing an efficient method for metal separation.

Title: It’s About Race: How Book Banning Protects White Superiority in the United States
Student: Coriander Dehlin
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
It’s About Race: How Book Banning Protects White Superiority in the United States
Coriander Dehlin

Since the moment printed material was made widely available, controlling what is printed has been used to suppress opposition and retain power through book burning and banning. Book banning in the United States is an ongoing issue, and books are commonly banned for containing material that is viewed as controversial, such as LQBTQIA+ and non-white experiences. This analysis deals specifically with where book banning and racism collide. There is no literature directly concerned with this topic, and the goal of this analysis is to fill that gap. After reviewing the literature that speaks to censorship and race, this article analyzes the “1619 Project,” as well as seven commonly banned books that tell Black stories. I argue that, first of all, when challenging books that tell Black stories, individuals do not explicitly state that the challenge is because of the racial content. Nonetheless, it is a discomfort in the stories’ truths, of living in a nation governed by white superiority and what that experience is like for Black people, that is the real reason for the challenge. Second, I argue that white communities in the United States feel threatened by Black people questioning the status quo with their narratives, and therefore book banning protects white superiority in the United States. The findings suggest that racism continues to be a larger issue than white people care to admit, and literature is a battleground where this conflict continues to take place.

Title: Reimagining English Education In The United States Using Restorative Justice
Student: Anderson Prater
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Reimagining English Education In The United States Using Restorative Justice
Anderson Prater

Restorative Justice has been adopted by schools nationwide as an alternative means to exclusionary discipline. By dissecting the fundamental beliefs and practices of Restorative Justice, this article examines the ways in which Restorative Justice can be used in schools beyond behavioral discipline. I assert that Restorative Justice is a practice rooted in community values and healing and is in contrast with our current understanding of discipline as exclusionary and punishment as retribution. These current ideas of exclusionary discipline upheld by institutions within the United States perpetuate the school to prison nexus and disproportionately harm black and brown individuals. I argue that because Restorative Justice can create more just schools and disrupt the school to prison nexus, but it must be implemented fully. Restorative Justice is a framework through which we understand how to be in community, Restorative Justice cannot be applied to only behavioral discipline strategies in schools, it must be incorporated into all aspects of schooling to be successful. In the context of English education, I explore the applications of Restorative Justice in curriculum. This article aims to understand the ways in which a Restorative Justice framework can guide English education to create more radically just schools.

Title: Farm Table Politics: Practicing Emergent Strategy in Rural Women’s Spaces
Student: Kathryn Simpson
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Farm Table Politics: Practicing Emergent Strategy in Rural Women’s Spaces
Kathryn Simpson

While academic fields have paid some attention to the histories of kitchens and kitchen table politics, none have narrowed their foci to the political organizing around farm tables as a practice ground for radical social justice. Kitchens and kitchen tables have often been analyzed as complex locations where white, nuclear families reproduce heteropatriarchy as well as white supremacy. However, by utilizing Adrienne Maree Brown’s theory of emergent strategy to analyze Black feminist writings about kitchen tables as both healing and politicizing spaces, I argue for the potential to practice social justice and liberation at the intimate space of a kitchen table. By drawing connections between the grassroots activism of Black feminists and agrarian women during the 1950s through the 1970s, I highlight the importance of women-centered, intimate spaces as foundational to political work that was both decentralized and cooperative, ultimately embodying aspects of emergent strategy. Looking into the future and noting the radical political work being done by Black farmers, I argue that farm tables may have a significant role to play today in supporting movements for social justice within rural American communities

Title: “Long on Backbone and Grit, But Short on Cash”: An Analysis of Sustainability and Collegiate Governance during Three Eras at Northland College
Student: Carson Becicka
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
“Long on Backbone and Grit, But Short on Cash”: An Analysis of Sustainability and Collegiate Governance during Three Eras at Northland College
Carson Becicka

The history of Northland College is rich in sustainable ethos and practice. Sustainability—action that seeks to address the short and long-term needs of a community while paying special attention to the relationship between environment, economics, and/or equity—has long been practiced in this space of higher education. It’s seen in the College’s founding values; collaboration with local farms during the Great Depression; creation of an environmental institute in the 1970s; and modern-day developments such as a vibrant sustainability curriculum and sustainable food and water centers. Crucial to many of these developments have been the roles played by various governance bodies, such as Northland’s Board of Trustees, administration, and Faculty Senate/Council. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, underlying some of Northland’s most significant sustainability developments have been bald efforts to make the school economically viable. This paper focuses on this connection between sustainability initiatives and economic viability as expressed by collegiate governance during three periods at Northland College: a Time of Resourcefulness (1920-1940), the Environmental Transition Era (1970-1981), and Northland’s Contemporary Moment (2000-2020). It shows that during these three eras, economic viability has largely motivated Northland’s development of sustainable ideas and practices. Being the first of its kind to comprehensively examine sustainability and collegiate governance over Northland’s history (1892-2021), this paper offers a new lens through which we may see how and why Northland has been sustainable.

Title: Pandemics and Rural America: Discrepancies and Hardships for Non-Urban Areas During the Spanish Influenza and Covid-19
Student: Sydney Cristiano
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Pandemics and Rural America: Discrepancies and Hardships for Non-Urban Areas During the Spanish Influenza and Covid-19
Sydney Cristiano

This project analyzes the different ways in which pandemics affect the dynamics of rural communities, economies, and cultural traditions in the United States of America. Rural communities live upon a majority of the land mass within the U.S.; this land is responsible for hosting the bulk of U.S environmental resources and natural industries. Members of rural communities are a large portion of the caretakers of this land and ought to be researched and protected to the same degree as any other. Yet the degree to which rural communities affect American society and history have been largely overlooked. This is true when studying pandemics, like the early 1920s Spanish Flu and more recently the COVID-19 pandemic. While these pandemics occurred everywhere, many scholars’ focus has been on America’s ever-growing urban centers. Because these urban centers are more densely populated and subject to growth, health concerns also become more of a priority in those sectors. By examining America’s past and current pandemics in rural America, a better understanding of the unique dimensions of rural life can be formulated. This creates a more encompassing appreciation and knowledge of rurality, the vital roles those communities play in American society, and the distinctive effects of national health disasters on America in its entirety.

Title: American, French, Russian Revolutions: Examining Western Revolutionary Gender Roles
Student: Cooper Tamke
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
American, French, Russian Revolutions: Examining Western Revolutionary Gender Roles
Cooper Tamke

When discussing revolutions such as the American, French, and Russian Revolutions, men and women had often very different roles to play but also exhibited crossover. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Robespierre, Marquis de Lafeyette, Vladimir Lenin, and Joseph Stalin are all men who had an important role to play in their revolutions—mostly in leadership roles but also in defining what their revolution was out to change. However, there were plenty of women who took part in these revolutions. Where did they come in? In the American Revolution, countless women followed the Colonial army and acted as nurses, seamstresses, or to carry water in heat of battle. There are also multiple examples of women picking up the fight as well, such as Margaret Corbin, who loaded and shot a cannon with her husband. Women also lead the March on Versailles, which was started by a mob of women fed up with bread prices and took it up with the King and Royal family themselves. When Marquis de Lafeyette wrote the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens, a woman by the name of Olympe de Gouges rewrote it but replaced the word “men” with “women.” When it comes to post- revolutionary periods, Russia was the best at giving women more opportunities and rights and maintaining their status, while in general men still fared better in all three revolutions and often continued in leadership roles.

Title: Trends in Abundance and Occurrence of Medium-Large Mammals of Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica
Student: Josh Kolasch
Faculty Advisor: Erik Olson

Poster

Abstract
Trends in Abundance and Occurrence of Medium-Large Mammals of Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica
Josh Kolasch

Tropical rainforest are biologically intense ecosystems that are crucial for global conservation efforts. Corcovado National Park, located on the Osa peninsula in southwestern Costa Rica, is a biodiversity hotspot that acts as an important ecological area within the overall region. A monitoring effort was established in the park in 2015 to monitor trends in wildlife diversity and abundance within the park, with a focus on medium-large mammals. Remote camera traps were installed across the park from 2015-2020, with between 13-21 stations each year. Image events were classified by a 30 min time-period within the first captured image of that same species. The abundance (μRAI) and occurrence (FOC) of each species was calculated for each year of the study. We detected and monitored 20 mammalian species from 2015-2020, with a combined total of 8442 trap nights. Abundance trends show that most species are increasing in abundance or remaining stable, with uncertainty for one species (Leopardus pardalis). The trends for occurrence were stable to increasing, with no decreasing trends. Focal species of the monitoring effort had differing abundance trends, with Panthera onca being stable, Tayassu pecari being decreasing/increasing due to natural population fluctuation, and Tapirus bairdii having a potential decreasing trend due to reasons not related with abundance. Corcovado is a critical ecological region that can dictate the health of wildlife populations in and outside the park. Our results indicate that the observed mammal species are stable to increasing.

Title: Spatial and Temporal Overlap in Pumas, Prey, and Competitors from Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: 2015 – 2020
Student: Gordon Scott
Faculty Advisor: Erik Olson

Poster

Abstract
Spatial and Temporal Overlap in Pumas, Prey, and Competitors from Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: 2015 – 2020
Gordon S. Scott¹, Erik R. Olson¹, Alejandro Azofeifa², Danny Herrera², Guido Saborío-R²
1. Department of Natural Resources: Northland College, 1411 Ellis Ave S., Ashland WI 54806
2. Área de Conservación Osa, Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación

Mammals interact through space and time from which predator-prey dynamics can be evaluated. A mix of predator selection and prey avoidance, among other factors, modulate spatiotemporal activity patterns across species. Evaluating how predator-prey and predator-predator dynamics across mammal species influences spatial and temporal land use is an important step in understanding how the top levels of a trophic web interact. Mesoamerican medium-large herbivores experience predation primarily by a guild comprising five felids of various body sizes. A particular felid of interest is the puma (Puma concolor) as it inhabits a unique niche between the jaguar (Panthera onca) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). Here, using camera trap data collected from 2015 to 2020 in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, we evaluate overlap in spatial and temporal activity patterns between pumas, their prey, and two felid guild competitors. We found that the largest temporal overlap (Δ4 = 0.84) occurred between puma and jaguar, while the largest spatial overlap (SB/ST = 0.68) occurred between puma and collared peccary. Cathemeral behavior in jaguars and pumas suggests a lack of persecution for these species in the park. Temporal overlap between the puma and jaguar is likely due to them both being cathemeral predators and suggests potential competition between the species as they do not appear to avoid each other spatially (SB/ST=0.52). Spatial overlap between pumas and collared peccaries is indicative of a predator-prey relationship as they do not significantly avoid each other temporally (Δ4 = 0.84).

Title: Horney’s Tripartite Neurotic Trends in Relation to Specific Traumatic Experiences​
Student: Alivia Heller
Faculty Advisor: Danielle Sneyd

Poster

Abstract
Horney’s Tripartite Neurotic Trends in Relation to Specific Traumatic Experiences​
Alivia Heller

The current study addressed Horney’s neurotic trends in relation to traumatic life experiences such as car accidents, assault, and/or sudden death or injury. Horney’s theory posits that children would develop “neurotic trends” or coping mechanisms to these traumas that would continue throughout adulthood. The neurotic trends included: (1) moving toward (compliant type), (2) against (aggressive type), or (3) away (detached type) from people. The current study aimed to investigate if a singular type of trauma or lived experience prompts a person to (1) move towards, (2) away, or (3) against people. Acknowledging that we are all complex in our decisions and behaviors, if we can conclude that a singular traumatic event is responsible for numerous people performing the actions of a singular neurotic tendency, then we can also provide revolutionized services to aid that persons’ healing and coping mechanisms for that particular incident. Eighty-one participants were recruited to complete an online survey in which the majority, 69%, scored as the compliant type (moving towards), 19.8% as the detached type (moving away), and 11.1% as the aggressive type (moving away). There was no significant difference between what the participants listed as their most traumatic experience and the neurotic trend’s category they scored high in; however, there was a significant difference between gender and neuroticism with males scoring significantly lower than all other genders.

Title: The Effects of Multidimensional Perfectionism on Self-Esteem in Athletics
Student: Jenna Reyes
Faculty Advisor: Danielle Sneydv

Poster

Abstract
The Effects of Multidimensional Perfectionism on Self-Esteem in Athletics
Jenna Reyes

The current study examines both how perfectionism affects self-esteem in athletics and how perfectionism affects self-esteem as a whole. Past research suggests there is a direct relationship between perfectionism and self-esteem (Ashby et al., 2015). There are positive and negative characteristics of perfectionism, with the negative characteristics causing changes to levels of self-esteem and mood (2015). Many aspects of competitive athletics will include characteristics and situations that cause multidimensional perfectionism. Since multidimensional perfectionism is defined as one setting unrealistic or impossible goals for oneself these goals may impact their self-worth. Positive characteristics of perfectionism can lead to higher achievement in athletes, but when the achievements are not met, these “failures” can be emotionally destructive to said athletes (Sterling & Kerr 2006). The current study recruited 106 students through an online survey where they completed a multidimensional perfectionism scale and self-esteem scale. General findings suggest that self-esteem among the current sample was high; with no significant differences between athletes and non-athletes. Yet, some aspects of perfectionism were negatively correlated with self-esteem overall such that as levels of perfectionism increased, self-esteem decreased. Results suggest the factors in multidimensional perfectionism that negatively correlated with self-esteem were parental criticism, doubt in actions and concern for mistakes.

Title: “Life is a Greater Teacher”: Factors that Lead to College Withdrawal
Student: Aja Gregg
Faculty Advisor: Angela Stroud

Poster

Abstract
“Life is a Greater Teacher”: Factors that Lead to College Withdrawal
Aja Gregg

In the United States, the overall dropout rate for undergraduate college students is 40% (Hanson, 2021). The goal of the current study was to hear the stories of college dropouts and see how mental health and finances hindered their persistence through undergraduate studies. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed by using thematic content analysis using excel spreadsheets to document and compare each interviewee’s answer to every interview question. During the interview process participants open up about their struggles with mental health during high school, in college, and after withdrawing to give readers a better understanding of what led to their withdrawal. Findings in this study show that family instability, drug use, and mental health all contribute to students’ withdrawal from undergraduate studies.

Title: “A Building Without Walls:” How Public Libraries Enrich Communities
Student: Coriander Dehlin
Faculty Advisor: Angela Stroud

Poster

Abstract
“A Building Without Walls:” How Public Libraries Enrich Communities
Coriander Dehlin

Recently, questions have emerged as to whether or not public libraries are needed in their communities. With the rise of technology and access to information and materials once only found in libraries at our fingertips, what then, is the role of public libraries today? This research reviews the literature on this question before taking a deep dive into a specific public library in a small Midwestern town. Previous research suggests that the libraries continue to play important roles in communities. Interviews with librarians supplement existing research and examine how they view the importance of libraries. Three primary findings emerged that how libraries serve as: resources for the people, by the people, 2) as buildings without walls in the way that libraries expand their work into the community, and 3) as spaces that offer humanitarian services to the community. Thus, I argue that the role of the public library today is that of a building without walls in the way that libraries create community through meeting people’s needs, interests, and strengths, and in response, providing the programs and opportunities that enrich the community as a whole. The findings suggest that public libraries expand beyond simply being a collection of books and continue to be valuable to the communities that they serve.

Title: “It Comes at a Cost” : Burnout in the Field of Social Work
Student: Karadyn Kiviaho
Faculty Advisor: Angela Stroud

Poster

Abstract
“It Comes at a Cost” : Burnout in the Field of Social Work
Karadyn Kiviaho

The experience of burnout is prominent in the field of social work, presenting itself in different ways, such as empathy fatigue, depersonalization, lack of motivation and career enjoyment, low energy and high stress levels, and poor physical or mental health. The factors that contribute to these forms of burnout in social workers have not been fully realized, mainly because previous research has been largely focused on quantifying and measuring the amount of burnout social workers experience, rather than finding its root causes and implications. To gain a better understanding of burnout in the field of social work I collected data qualitatively by interviewing four social workers. This allowed their stories and experiences to be heard and analyzed, resulting in a fuller explanation for the prevalence of burnout in the field. This new form of data collection revealed much about burnout’s impact on social workers. The main findings were: (1) How burnout is tied to a social worker’s abilities to help, (2) How burnout correlates with workload and turnover, (3) How the pandemic has impacted the field of social work, and (4) Strategies social workers use to prevent burnout. These are significant findings because they expand on existing knowledges about burnout, thus filling gaps within the literature. This study contributes valuable insight into what improvements can be made in the field of social work when it comes to burnout, as well as ways it can be prevented.

Title: Oregon Land Use Planning Analysis
Student: Alaina Kuhlman
Faculty Advisor: Brian Tochterman

Poster

Abstract
Oregon Land Use Planning Analysis
Alaina Kuhlman

Land use planning is the process of regulating the use of land by a central authority. States across the country impose varying amounts of regulations on land development. Oregon is one state that uses a top-down system stemming from the state level. This makes it unique because each local government is required to implement a comprehensive plan that adheres to Oregon’s state-wide planning goals. While this system is good for cohesiveness, it has downsides such as the outdated goals which need to be modernized in order to fit the way that Oregon is today. It is important for us to understand why this system works well for Oregon, and in what ways it doesn’t work for them as other state and local governments can learn many valuable lessons from this system. For this capstone project I have analyzed this planning system and provided recommendations to enhance the system to work to its fullest potential. This includes the encouragement of the addition of a climate justice and equity related goal and the utilization of regional planning as a solution to tie the plans of local governments together.

Title: It’s the End of Science Fiction As We Know It: Transgender Consciousness, Hope, and Hybridity in Science Fantasy
Student: Alex Stenseng
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
It’s the End of Science Fiction As We Know It: Transgender Consciousness, Hope, and Hybridity in Science Fantasy
Alex Stenseng

Science fantasy is a combination of science fiction and fantasy literature that includes elements of both, most importantly the contranatural element of fantasy and the aesthetic and ideological context of science fiction. Science fantasy is a hybrid genre with special significance for theorizing a trans and liminal position in genre fiction because it reflects the dual and intersecting action of gender as presented in science fiction and fantasy fiction. This project utilizes queer ecological awareness, connecting worlds created in the imagination to those created in the “real” world, and is critical of “natural” narratives on the principle that fiction necessarily reflects and reifies perceived reality. The hybridity and shapeshifting natures of science fantasy creates fantastical opportunities for expansive imagination of new gender roles, sexes, and gender presentations. It gives hope to communities and people depleted by the lack of representation and the dominance of dystopian near- and far-future science fiction, fantasy, and science fantasy that does not meaningfully critique construction of future-telling. Ultimately, this project explains the necessity of hope in fiction in creating positive outcomes for transgender and non-binary communities.

Poster Title: Ecosystem Modeling and Scenario Forecasting in Eleven Penokee Lakes using WiLMS
Student: Jordan Bremer
Faculty Advisor: Matthew Hudson

Poster

Abstract
Ecosystem Modeling and Scenario Forecasting in Eleven Penokee Lakes using WiLMS
Jordan Bremer, Matt Hudson, David Ullman, Sharon Anthony

One of the main nutrients that is monitored within water bodies is phosphorus because it is one of the most essential nutrients for plant life, but when there is too much of it in water, it can speed up eutrophication which threatens the current habitat living around and within them. This study will be using the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR)’s WiLMS (Wisconsin Lake Modeling Suite) model to predict total phosphorus (TP) load and concentrations; as well as, where this phosphorus will be coming from when looking at land cover, due to soil erosion, and septic system abundance. The lakes’ current states of being exhibit “healthy” conditions with their predicted and observed average phosphorus concentrations being below the TP Criteria of 30 ug/L – 40 ug/L, set by the WDNR. Although, with a future development scenario created by dividing the current parcels into the minimum areas they could potentially become, Long, East Twin, and Maki would exceed their TP Criteria’s due to their vulnerability of being smaller watersheds area-wise. These results will be included into preventative management methods and a plan to attempt to remain under the designated TP criteria.

Poster Title: PCR tests suggest Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is present among ticks in Bayfield County
Student: Samantha R. Harrington
Faculty Advisor: Geoffrey Vincent

Poster

Abstract
PCR tests suggest Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is present among ticks in Bayfield County
Samantha R. Harrington and Geoffrey Vincent

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a disease spread by various species of wood ticks infected with Rickettsia rickettsii bacteria. RMSF is one of the most serious diseases spread by ticks and can be fatal if not caught early. Despite its name, cases appear mostly in the Appalachian and mid-south regions of the United States. Because of its relative rarity, not many data exist in Wisconsin on the presence of R. rickettsia among wood ticks, especially locally. This research was conducted for the Bayfield County Department of Health, to assess the prevalence of ticks infected with R. rickettsia and B. burgdorferi (which causes RMSF and Lyme disease, respectively). From June 18, 2020 to August 16, 2020; 8 collections boxes were available throughout Bayfield County for community members to deposit ticks. Ten I. scapularis and 47 D. variabilis and were deposited, identified by markings, size, and other distinguishable features. Samples were tested for both R. rickettsia and B. burgdorferi using PCR. Analysis via electrophoresis indicates that one male D. variabilis and zero I. scapularis were positive for R. rickettsia. No ticks tested positive for B. burgdorferi. The positive sample was collected from the Bayview Beach pavilion in Washburn on July 17, 2020. The results of this study show that while locally transmitted infections of RMSF are rare, they are possible. Further testing is required to accurately portray the proportion of infected ticks in Bayfield County.

Poster Title: Tolerance of anthropogenic soil contaminants in cultured B. subtilis and twelve species of wild-sourced soil bacteria
Student: Garion Leamon
Faculty Advisor: Alissa Hulstrand

Poster

Abstract
Tolerance of anthropogenic soil contaminants in cultured B.subtilis and twelve isolated species of wild soil bacteria
Garion R. Leamon1, Alissa Hulstrand, PhD
Northland College

March 31, 2021

The main purpose of this project is to study and document the effects of common agrochemical, fuels, and inorganic salts present in the environment as soil contaminants on twelve species of bacterium isolated from two wild soils and the common soil microbe B. subtilis. This data can be used to infer the ecological impacts of these chemicals on soil function, biodiversity, and overall soil health through representative species of cropland regions in the central United States as well as the mixed forest regions of Lake Superior’s southern shore. Doses of seven treatment chemicals are administered, facilitated by introducing two paper test discs impregnated with the chemicals to each lawn. These chemicals are delivered in two doses per species: a “high dose” consistent with concentrations recorded at or near sources of contamination, and a “low dose” representing prevalence of each chemical at its half-life population where applicable or adjacent infiltration levels for inorganic compounds. Fatality is determined by measuring zones of inhibition 24- and 48-hours after inoculation for fast-growing specimens, or 36- and 50- hours for slower growing specimens. Other changes such as tolerances that may provide inference on altered or inhibited ecological function are also noted. Testing yielded a variety of results across the spectrum of tested species, elaborating upon the importance of classifying tolerance of contaminants on a per taxa basis to better understand the influence of land use on biogeochemical functions occurring in soils. Treatment chemicals are exhibited to be devastating to some species while mildly effective to others. Furthermore, some show a tendency to be metabolized by some species over time, in some cases not inhibiting growth at all, or inhibiting all growth in other tests. Notably some important minerals are shown to even boost growth of two species in proximity to the testing disks, even at concentrations that are considered average to moderately high in EPA soil surveys.

Poster Title: Evaluating water quality in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, relative to Green Bay, Lake Michigan
Student: Reane Loiselle
Faculty Advisor: Dave Ullman & Matt Hudson

Poster

Abstract
Evaluating water quality in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, relative to Green Bay, Lake Michigan Reane Loiselle, Matt Hudson, Dr. Dave Ullman
Northland College, Mary Griggs Burke Center for Freshwater Innovation

Understanding the health and water quality trajectory of Chequamegon Bay is a crucial aspect of understanding our water resources under pressure from climate change and human development. One step is understanding how the water quality conditions in Chequamegon Bay compare to another Great Lakes embayment currently experiencing water quality issues. This analysis allows for a deeper understanding of the scope of water quality threats to Chequamegon Bay as well as possible outcomes if water quality is not properly managed.

Key water quality parameters Chlorophyll-a and Total Phosphorous were collected from Chequamegon Bay and compared to data from Green Bay collected by the Green Bay NEW water to determine the comparative health of both. Mean levels of Chlorophyll (Chl-a) and Total Phosphorous (TP) as well as annual and long-term spatial and temporal trends throughout the study sites were analyzed.

Chl-a and TP values in Green Bay were found to be much higher than in than Chequamegon Bay. Land cover and land use in the Green Bay watershed is likely the cause and what has led to algal blooms. Supporting this, a correlation was found between Chl-a and TP showing that increasing TP load to Chequamegon Bay will likely cause increasing Chl-a levels and a higher risk of Cyanobacteria blooms. While Chequamegon Bay is not experiencing severe issues yet, increased development in the watershed could lead to a situation similar to Green Bay.

Poster Title: Abundance of Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) in The Maxwell Property (Ashland,WI)
Student: Erick Marchessault
Faculty Advisor: Geoffrey Vincent

Poster

Abstract
Abundance of Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) in The Maxwell Property (Ashland,WI)
Erick Marchessault
Northland College

The two most abundant tick species in Northern Wisconsin are the Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Ixodes scapularis (deer tick), these ticks carry bacteria like Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp.. These bacteria can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease, respectively. By collecting ticks in an area, I found the abundance of ticks over two seasons (late April to August) to look for trends. I also used dry iced traps in June and July of 2020 to collect ticks and test effectiveness of the traps. Based off research and monitoring done by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, I expected to collect more Dermacentor variabilis. To collect ticks I used two methods, the blanket drag and dry ice trap. Multiple weather and spatial variables were recorded before each collection, this was done by using a Kestrel device and objective measurements. In during the 2019 season 205 ticks (203 Dermacentor variabilis, 2 Ixodes scapularis) were collected, during the 2020 season 203 ticks (189 Dermacentor variabilis, 19 Ixodes scapularis) were collected, totaling 408 ticks (387 Dermacentor variabilis, 21 Ixodes scapularis). Having a majority of Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected was what was to be expected for this area. Analyzing data, it appears June has the largest abundance of ticks and May has the largest average number of ticks collected per visit. Looking further, we will be testing all the ticks for the presence of both rickettsia spp. and borrelia spp. bacterial DNA as well as continuous monitoring.

Poster Title: The Chinook Jargon and it/its Oppression on Alaska Natives
Student: Aubrey Champagne
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Chinook Jargon and It/its Oppression on Alaska Natives
Aubrielle Marie Champagne

“But if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.” ― George Orwell, 1984.

Authorial intent can be historically described in ways to exemplify constructed linguistic criticisms. Traditional values are implemented and passed down by the mother, which influenced people’s perspective of patriarchal societal values. This developed a type of structural language that influenced the way people communicated. There were different sided perspectives in relation to the amount of area that was colonized and by whom, even different fur traders from the same country had two different perspectives on the people. Major cultural influences occurred during the early developments of trading, especially within Alaska. The development of language and different historical traumas occurred in various ways. For example, when people think about historical perspectives one dives into the aspect of historically relevant events that altered the way people lived in that area. Most indigenous cultures within Alaska are made up of matriarchal values and constructed in a traditional way. Since Alaska has a vast wilderness, tribes are spread out and there are over 231 federally recognized tribes. Rural aspects of living are considered the Alaska Native way of life. Traditional cultures can also exemplify why certain individuals perceive the world different, one might even infer that language structure can relate to cultural perspectives. This goes with the example of dialects and the geographical aspects that shape different dialects. Consider early literature and how it’s produced, it’s likely provided by educational patterns and way of learning that said language; for example, what is historically known about language and the people who speak it. When thinking about the context of language one must think about perspective and this education could be related to trauma brought by the onset language. For example, if one was beaten from speaking that language it’s harder to teach to people who are reluctant to revisit that type of trauma. People also considered other aspects of what this type of colonization did to Native Americans, genocide was also considered to be related to trauma and grief. The boarding schools implemented the worst possible outcome for language revitalization and due to the language barriers physical violence was determined to be the most persistent form of discipline. With all things considered, it’s important to look at the development of a language in order to figure out where people went wrong. The major forms of increased linguistic theories result in also understanding the psychological effect of the people that are speaking the language. This theory resulted from Samarin’s point of view on the chinook jargon and the consideration of what boarding school did to people in order to implement colonized America. Possible considerations need to be taken strongly in order to find the fully understand what impacted the language. Ultimately, language revitalization is reflective and resulted from historical trauma: including the denigration of the Chinook Jargon, lost languages, and traumatized cultures.

Poster Title: Security Risks and Moral Ambiguity: Unearthing the Experience of Queer Soldiers  in the U.S. Military from the 1940s-1990s
Student: Emily Knipp
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Security Risks and Moral Ambiguity: Unearthing the Experience of Queer Soldiers in the U.S. Military from the 1940s-1990s
Emily Knipp
Northland College, History and Education Major

History has long excluded queers from its narrative, military history especially, however the queer community has always existed and has always been a part of these stories despite those in power attempting to remove them. This paper examines first hand sources from queer service people through out recent U.S. history, from the Lavender Scare through Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, detailing their struggle. These struggles and hardships cannot go unacknowledged or be allowed to continue if we as a nation wish to call ourselves accepting or tolerant, one’s identity should not stop them from serving their country nor should it be cause for discrimination or hatred. The fact that this part of queer history goes unknown simply adds to the issue, it erases the pain of the experience so many queer individuals have suffered through as a part of the U.S. Military and pushes queer identities into the background, or the closet, and out of sight from general society. This paper compares various anti-queer policies and witch hunts in the U.S. Military through the lense of individual experience as well as public opinion and reaction in order to increase understanding of past homophobia so that we may combat it moving forward and work towards creating a culture of tolerance within the U.S. Military.

Poster Title: Whose Health Matters? An Analysis of Erin Brockovich within the Context of U.S. Environmental Racism
Student: Mandelyn Lyons
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Whose Health Matters? An Analysis Of Erin Brockovich Within The Context Of U.S. Environmental Racism
Mandelyn Lyons
Northland College
March 31, 2021

Environmental racism within the United States is starting to gain traction as a legitimate social justice issue warranting serious investigation and solutions. However, while environmental racism is gaining notoriety within academic and activist communities, the average American is barely exposed. Erin Brockovich, a film that debuted in 2000, centers on the storyline of activist and lawyer, Erin Brockovich’s first major environmental lawsuit in Hinkley, California where white residents were unknowingly being exposed to hexavalent chromium from the Pacific Gas & Electric Company. While the film centers a case of white health due to environmental degradation, analysis of the film has found that there is little to no discussion about how race, gender, and environment connect to health. Yet, there are strong parallels between the Hinkley case and what happens to black, brown, and Indigenous communities that experience environmental racism. Thus, while Erin Brockovich is a palatable introduction to environmental racism for primarily white viewers, it does not explicitly mention race and its connections to the environment.

Poster Title: Combating Racism in U.S. and Canadian Hockey
Student: Matt Murphy
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Combating Racism in U.S. and Canadian Hockey
Matt Murphy
Northland College
March 28, 2021

Racism is prevalent in North America today. Even with the current Black Lives Matter movement, and civil rights revolutionaries of the 1950s like Rosa Parks doing their part, racism is still a part of culture in Canada and the United States. This project examines racism in the sport of ice hockey, specifically racism in Canada and the United States. The intention of the paper was to examine racism in hockey, while also exploring ways to foster antiracism in hockey. The first black player to play in the National Hockey League was Willie O’Ree. Willie played for the Boston Bruins in the 1950s and was subjected to vicious racial taunts from fans and players alike. More than 60 years later, a young player in Toronto, Myles Douglas, received similar slurs from opponents. Black people, young and old are suffering from racism in the sport of hockey. The solution proposed is an anti racism certification within minor and professional teams and leagues. To be certified the hockey team, organization, or league must have a zero-tolerance policy for acts of racism, while offering mandatory inclusion training for all in the organization. A code of ethics should accompany the certification to establish acceptable behaviors. Although black hockey players are structurally put behind the eight ball to start, an anti racism certification will enable positive change in eliminating racism in North American hockey.

Poster Title: Barriers and Betrayal: Why Are Reports of Campus Sexual Misconduct So Low Among U.S. College Students?
Student: AnnaSage Rothe
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel and Jessica Eckhardt

Poster

Abstract
Barriers and Betrayal: Why Are Reports of Campus Sexual Misconduct So Low Among U.S. College Students?
AnnaSage Rothe – Sociology and Social Justice & Gender and Women’s Studies
Northland College
April 8, 2021

This study focuses on barriers to reporting campus sexual misconduct among Northland College students as previous research has shown high frequencies of underreporting such instances across U.S. college campuses. The research explores what contributes to underreporting of campus sexual misconduct, students’ level of understanding the college’s Title IX Sexual and Gender-Based Misconduct policy, and if Title IX policy itself correlates to underreporting. In other words, are Title IX policy, processes, and subsequent misconceptions a barrier to reporting campus sexual misconduct for American college students? To test the hypotheses, a survey was administered among Northland College students measuring their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding campus sexual misconduct, Title IX, reporting, and “institutional betrayal” on campus. The findings indicate that rates of campus sexual misconduct and underreporting remain high. In addition, underreporting is facilitated by the very structure of Title IX and a campus culture that mistrusts and misunderstands the policy and its administration.  The current study argues that reporting of campus sexual misconduct remains low among U.S. college students due to the workings of rape culture that ultimately encourages silence, victim-blaming, and downplaying the severity around such instances, but also because of the structure and misunderstanding of Title IX Sexual and Gender-Based policy across U.S. college campuses. If the goal of Title IX policy is to diminish and eradicate sexual misconduct, underreporting, and rape culture on college campuses, the findings from this study must be addressed.

Poster Title: From Samurai to Friends of the West Japan’s Search For Identity in a Turbulent World
Student: Erik Stensaas
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
From Samurai to Friends of the West
Japan’s Search For Identity in a Turbulent World (Abstract)
Erik Stensaas, Dr. Erica Hannickel
Senior Seminar
March 28, 2021

Ever since the beginning of the Shogunates began in Japan in 1185 CE, Japan has been emulating the countries in the West like in Britain and France. Proof of this can be seen in their hierarchy from that point on and how similar it was to Europe’s by sheer coincidence. After America opened Japan’s borders to the rest of the world in 1853, it evolved its style of government and control into something further resembling European powers in an effort to stay independent, unlike in China, whose power and prestige quickly dwindled after European powers had defeated them time and again and asserting their rule and taking over. Because of this, the Japanese were able to adopt policies similar to those in Europe all on their own by sending ambassadors to other countries to learn how to become like them. This led to Japan becoming even more like the West, not only in its political design, but throughout cultural influences as well. They even conquered land owned by Western countries like Russia and Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. Yet despite attempting to create a strong democracy in the 1920s, once the Great Depression hit, they became something similar to the Nazis by doing atrocities like the Rape of Nanjing and even experimenting weapons on civilians of captured lands like in Manchuria. This was done to ensure national security and economic movement. Once the United States defeated them in World War II, they shifted into becoming a combination of the United States and the United Kingdom. This created a culture that became one of the most accepting in all of the world, and the most technologically advanced country on the planet. Authors like Linus Hagstrom, Richard Bush and David Spafford are all excellent experts on Japan which this essay will provide information about. The importance of this project is to show the Western countries that the East has power and significance comparable to the West. By learning about the East and the ways of life that the countries there have, particularly Japan since they are constantly looking for ways to improve their way of life, we can find ways to to improve our own way of life.

Poster Title: Corruption or Salvation in the World’s Most Beautiful Game? The Global Cultural Work of the FIFA World Cup
Student: Brad Whiles
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Corruption Or Salvation In The World’s Most Beautiful Game?
The Global Cultural Work of the FIFA World Cup
Brad Whiles, Humanities
Northland College
April 1, 2021

The FIFA World Cup is not just any competitive tournament, it brings together more than just world-class teams in a grand celebration of the sport of soccer. This project is a dive into the cultural work of the FIFA World Cup, the multiple cultural resources it has offered to its global audience. These take place amidst the deep stories about FIFA’s ongoing corruption. This project finds that on balance, soccer is still the world’s most beautiful game, presented in its beautiful form.

Poster Title: Examining Past and Current White-tailed Deer and Snowshoe Hare Abundance, Apostle Islands, Wisconsin
Student: Natalie Erler
Faculty Advisor: Erik Olson

Poster

Abstract
Examining Past and Current White-tailed Deer and Snowshoe Hare Abundance, Apostle Islands, Wisconsin
Natalie Erler and Erik Olson
April 1, 2021

White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) are two of the most important prey species inhabiting the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Both species are herbivores feeding on a wide variety of plant, grass, and shrub species. However, the Apostle Islands houses an important and rare vegetative community that is in jeopardy due to overbrowsing by both species. Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis) is a very slow growing shrub that was in high concentrations on the islands, but browsing by White-tailed Deer has decimated this species and ultimately set in motion an irreversible change in the vegetative community found on the islands. Although Snowshoe Hare are an important prey species, especially on islands that don’t have deer, they have seldom been studied and little is known about their distribution and abundance across the islands. This study aims to compare past and current abundance of White-tailed Deer and Snowshoe Hare on the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore by looking at the presence and relative abundance of both species. This was done through a collaborative processing of camera trap images from trail cameras set up on the Apostle Islands since 2014. I was able to compile and analyze this data to give a current picture of these two species on the islands. By analyzing these aspects, we can get a better understanding of which islands White-tailed Deer could possibly overbrowse next, in addition to having baseline data for Snowshoe Hare distribution on the Apostle Islands.

Poster Title: Photographic techniques for documenting and quantifying biofluorescence through color quantization.
Student: Emma Hakanson
Faculty Advisor: Jon Martin

Poster

Abstract
Techniques for Documenting and Quantifying Biofluorescence through Digital Photography and Color Quantization.
Emma C. Hakanson¹, Jonathan G. Martin¹, Paula S. Anich¹, & Kevin J. Hakanson²  

¹ Department of Natural Resources, Northland College, 1411 Ellis Avenue, Ashland, WI 54806, USA
² Private Software Consultant, Savage, MN 55378, USA

Ultraviolet (UV) biofluorescence events are being discovered with increasing frequency; however, there is not yet a standard photographic methodology to document and easily quantify these phenomena. Here, we describe how low-cost, high-quality photographs of biofluorescent specimens can be used to quantify fluorescence via color quantization, utilizing K-means clusters within the CIELAB color space. We also address the complexity of photographing different excitation and emission wavelengths. We applied this technique to Glaucomys volans specimens to quantify color shift between illumination under visible and UV light, directly compare photos of different specimens, and analyze which shades of the focal color are most prevalent on each individual. This relatively simple methodology can be adapted to future studies based on the color of their subjects’ fluorescence and the goals of the project. The general principles are applicable to all studies utilizing photographs of ultraviolet fluorescence.

Poster Title: Using Anglersheds to Explain Catch Rate Differences Among Local, Non-Local, and Non-Resident Anglers of the Northern Highland Fishery Research Area Lakes
Student: Michael J.Lant
Faculty Advisor: Derek Ogle

Poster

Abstract
Using Anglersheds to Explain Catch Rate Differences Among Local, Non-local, and Non-resident anglers of the Northern Highland Fishery Research Area Lakes
Michael Lant
Northland Poster Symposium 2021

An understanding of angler catch rate characteristics related to proximity of residence to lakes (local, non-local, non-resident) is important for informing fisheries management. The Northern Highland Fishery Research Area compulsory creel census records zip code data from all anglers fishing Escanaba, Nebish, and Pallette lakes near Boulder Junction, Vilas County, Wisconsin. We developed anglersheds, area anglers travel to use a particular resource, to understand where Northern Highlands Fishery Research Area anglers were coming from. We used this zip code data to develop species-specific anglersheds and compared Walleye, Muskellunge, Smallmouth Bass, and Yellow Perch catch rates among local (Vilas, Oneida counties), non-local (Dane, Milwaukee counties), and non-state resident anglers. Species-specific anglersheds varied by angler residence. Species-specific angler success (fishing effort required to catch one fish) was consistently higher for local anglers; however, non-local and non-state resident anglers were also quite successful. Therefore, our results suggest a need to manage not only for local anglers, but also for non-local (tourist) anglers. The common assumption that local anglers have greater fishing success may not hold for northern Wisconsin sport fisheries.

Poster Title: Estimating Fish Age: Influence of Maximum Age, Structure, and Comparison Type on Precision
Student: Gordon Scott
Faculty Advisor: Derek Ogle

Poster

Abstract
Estimating Fish Age: Influence of Maximum Age, Structure, and Comparison Type on Precision
Gordon Scott, Derek Ogle

Fish age estimates are instrumental for proper understanding of fish population dynamics. Ages are often estimated from readings of various calcified structures (otoliths, spines and finrays, and scales), either multiple times by one individual (within-reader), or one time each from multiple individuals (between-reader). The precision, or repeatability of these readings, is most often measured by the average coefficient of variation (ACV). The 1447 points of precision data included in this study have been collected from 449 papers in the fisheries literature from 1983 to 2021. In this study, we assessed the effects of calcified structures examined and the type of readings taken on mean ACV, as well as on the relationship between log maximum estimated age and log ACV. We found that mean ACV did not differ by comparison type but did differ by structure types, with otoliths being significantly different from spines and finrays (combined) and scales, which did not differ from each other. Furthermore, we found that the relationship between log between-reader ACV and log maximum age differed by structure type, but only between otoliths and spines and finrays combined. For all structures, log within-reader ACV and log maximum age displayed a negative relationship that did not differ among structures. Log between-reader ACV and log maximum age also displayed a negative relationship, but only for spines+finrays. These results suggest that ACV may not be independent of structure examined or maximum estimated age in some cases.

Poster Title: Factors of Invertebrate Community Dominance in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands
Student: Ella Shively
Faculty Advisor: Matt Cooper

Poster

Abstract
Invertebrate Community Dominance in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands
Factors of Invertebrate Community Dominance in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands
Ella Shively, Matt Cooper

Despite the role invertebrates play in providing ecosystem services, many invertebrate taxa are understudied and invertebrate biomass is declining globally. Determining variables that affect invertebrate community structure is important for managing healthy ecosystems and protecting invertebrate diversity. Understanding invertebrate community dynamics is particularly important in Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands (GLCWs), which provide vital ecological services to the inhabitants of the Great Lakes basin. In this study, we examined GLCW invertebrate community dominance and composition using a basin-wide dataset from the Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program. First, we studied potential drivers of community dominance. We found marginal differences in dominance among lakes, vegetation types, and wetland geomorphic types. Water quality was negatively correlated with dominance. Next, we studied community composition to determine whether GLCWs with similar dominance scores were dominated by similar taxa and functional groups. The most abundant taxa basin-wide were Chironomidae, Hyalella azteca, Gammaridae, and Oligochaeta. Chironomidae abundance negatively correlated with a water quality index, but the other top taxa did not correlate with water quality. We found no clear geographic pattern in the distribution of top-ranked taxa. However, collector-gatherers dominated communities across the basin. Therefore, low functional diversity may explain the simultaneous high taxonomic diversity and high dominance values in GLCWs. Likely, there are many factors influencing community dominance and understanding these drivers of community structure will help managers to maintain healthy wetland ecosystems and track changes in GLCWs over time.

Poster Title: Legendary War Heroes or Forgotten Warriors? Reconciling the Legacy of the Navajo Code Talkers
Student: Kaibah Hopper
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel

Poster

Abstract
Legendary War Heroes or Forgotten Warriors?
Reconciling the Legacy of the Navajo Code Talkers with the U.S.’s Short-Term Collective Memory
Kaibah Hopper
Native American Studies
Northland College
April 1, 2021

The Navajo Code Talkers are credited with the creation of an “unbreakable code” used for World War II’s combat communication from mid-1942 until Japan’s surrender in 1945. Despite this claim to fame, American society can’t seem to make up its mind on the visibility and renown of the Navajo Code Talkers. Google search results bring up contradictory descriptive quips, ranging from the “you may have heard of” and “famous Code Talkers” to the “little known unit” and “obscure chapter of history” type headlines. But crack open any U.S. textbook covering WWII and you will be hard pressed to find any inclusion of the Code Talkers. Few school curriculums cover the topic exhaustively; even fewer students learn about it at all. History is often centered around the conflicts of white or western cultures, even in wars in which native peoples were heavily involved. Many histories of the United States often portray the roles of native peoples as small or insignificant, with some historians neglecting to consider native involvement at all. The Navajo Code Talkers are just one example of an oft unrecognized faction of indigenous peoples central to U.S. victories in WWII. Even on the reservation, where the story of the Navajo Code Talkers used to be more commonly taught in schools and passed on as story, more recently citizens of the Navajo Nation fear this be changing for the worse. In considering the use of Navajo language and culture in such a crucial war, we can recenter the narrative of Indigenous peoples in America as modern and ingrained in modern history.

Poster Title: Northland College Outdoor Orientation Incident Analysis, 2017-2019, and Recommendations for the Future
Student: Josh Keske
Faculty Advisor: Evan Coulson

Poster

Abstract
Northland College Outdoor Orientation Incident Analysis, 2017-2019, and Recommendations for the Future
Josh Keske
Northland College
March 31, 2021

Northland College’s Outdoor Orientation (OO) Program has a rich history of introducing incoming students to the Northwoods by taking them into the outdoors since 1976. The OO program keeps incident reports to record any accidents that happen during the program. Analyzing data from these reports is important to determine how the program can combat the likelihood of similar accidents happening in the future. This report compiles OO incident report data from 2017-2019. The purpose of this report is to determine the frequency, severity, and types of accidents that have occurred in the program and to uncover potential trends. This project also seeks to analyze the effectiveness of the current reporting system. Reports were digitized and the data were plotted and then compared to incident data from the National Outdoor Leadership School to examine trends. The method used for reporting incidents was also analyzed noting what types of forms were used and how completely the forms were filled out. No trends could be determined from the short time frame and the limited amount of data. However, results indicated that the types of incidents are commonly reported within the outdoor industry. Recommendations include implementing a comprehensive data collection method that involves capturing incident data as well as trip size, length, and type to facilitate program data analysis. The creation of a new incident report form that is easy and intuitive to fill out, is specific, and is taught to trip leaders during training is also recommended.

Poster Title: Assessing the Effects of Mindfulness on Self-reported Stress Levels
Student: Hannah Malison
Faculty Advisor: Danielle Sneyd

Poster

Abstract
Assessing the Effects of Mindfulness on Self-reported Stress Levels
Student Researcher: Hannah Malison
Faculty Supervisor: Danielle Sneyd

Mindfulness has been an increasing practice amongst people of all ages. The COVID pandemic has pushed individuals to seek new ways to find solitude and peace. Traditional therapy options have become difficult to access and loss of healthcare coverage due to unemployment are pushing the use of yoga, meditation, and other alternative forms of therapeutic treatment (Healthy Minds Network, 2020). The current study assessed 17 college-aged individuals for their perceived stress and happiness levels as well as their working memory function. Participants completed a pre-assessment to score their cognitive levels followed by engagement in a five-week series of mindfulness practice interventions. After the five-week intervention, a post-assessment was completed to analyze and compare scores with the intention to analyze the effects of mindfulness on a population susceptible to mental health disparities. The current study hypothesized that lower stress levels would be reported at time-2 compared to time-1 as a result of the mindfulness intervention. It was also hypothesized that higher subjective happiness scores would be reported at time-2 compared to time-1 as a result of the mindfulness intervention. In regards to working memory capacity, this variable was exploratory, thus it did not have a hypothesized result. The ability for mindfulness, a remote practice series of exercise to improve the quality of life of one of the most stressed populations in America can speak volumes to the benefit it could serve for future generations.

Poster Title: Music and Productivity
Student: Bianca N. McLemore
Faculty Advisor: Danielle Sneyd

Poster

Abstract
Music and Productivity
Bianca N. McLemore, Danielle Sneyd

Productivity: what is it exactly and why is it such a big part of how people value their self-worth? Productivity can be defined as the state or quality of producing something (Merriam-Webster 2021). The current study aimed to investigate if music could increase productivity on a reading-based task. The current study examined if playing classical music while doing a reading/language task would increase participants productivity on the task. Using Northland College as the population, a random sample of 41 participants was collected. To test this hypothesis, the participants were given the Reading and English sections of the American College Test (ACT); Half of the participants completed the test with classical music playing in the background, and the other half of the participants took the practice test with no music playing in the background. The results of the study suggested that classical music did not increase productivity on the test as there was no significant differences between the Music and No Music groups.  Possible reasons for this null finding will be discussed.

Poster Title: Barriers and Betrayal: Why Are Reports of Campus Sexual Misconduct So Low Among U.S. College Students?
Student: AnnaSage Rothe
Faculty Advisor: Erica Hannickel and Jessica Eckhardt

Poster

Abstract
Barriers and Betrayal: Why Are Reports of Campus Sexual Misconduct So Low Among U.S. College Students?
AnnaSage Rothe – Sociology and Social Justice & Gender and Women’s Studies
Northland College
April 8, 2021

This study focuses on barriers to reporting campus sexual misconduct among Northland College students as previous research has shown high frequencies of underreporting such instances across U.S. college campuses. The research explores what contributes to underreporting of campus sexual misconduct, students’ level of understanding the college’s Title IX Sexual and Gender-Based Misconduct policy, and if Title IX policy itself correlates to underreporting. In other words, are Title IX policy, processes, and subsequent misconceptions a barrier to reporting campus sexual misconduct for American college students? To test the hypotheses, a survey was administered among Northland College students measuring their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding campus sexual misconduct, Title IX, reporting, and “institutional betrayal” on campus. The findings indicate that rates of campus sexual misconduct and underreporting remain high. In addition, underreporting is facilitated by the very structure of Title IX and a campus culture that mistrusts and misunderstands the policy and its administration.  The current study argues that reporting of campus sexual misconduct remains low among U.S. college students due to the workings of rape culture that ultimately encourages silence, victim-blaming, and downplaying the severity around such instances, but also because of the structure and misunderstanding of Title IX Sexual and Gender-Based policy across U.S. college campuses. If the goal of Title IX policy is to diminish and eradicate sexual misconduct, underreporting, and rape culture on college campuses, the findings from this study must be addressed.

Poster Title: Comparison of Drinking Behaviors Between Athletes and Nonathletes
Student: Camryn Smith
Faculty Advisor: Danielle Sneyd

Poster

Abstract
Comparison of Drinking Behaviors Between Athletes and Nonathletes
Camryn Smith, Danielle Sneyd

Binge drinking predominantly exists within college-aged students, and prior research indicates binge drinking behaviors to affect college athletes more than college nonathletes  (Ford 2007; Lewis 2008). The current study hypothesized that college athletes have higher rates of binge drinking because of social norms related to alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences compared to college students who are not current athletes. A  survey was sent out to Northland College students which included alcohol use questions and the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). These questions were used to evaluate reported binge drinking behaviors and alcohol related consequences. The results showed no significance difference between student athletes and student nonathletes reports of alcohol related consequences on the RAPI. The most significant implication of this study is the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the results of the survey. On average during the pandemic, people have been more cautious and not socially drinking as often, as reflected in the results of this study. Students reported infrequent drinking, but at high levels during a single drinking occasion.

Poster Title: Cornucopia’s Main Street Revitalization Plan
Students: Fletcher Thomas and Alaina Kuhlman
Faculty Advisor: Brian Tochterman

Poster

Abstract
Cornucopia’s Main Street Revitalization Plan
Fletcher Thomas and Alaina Kuhlman, Brian Tochterman

Cornucopia is a small, rural village that is located in Northern Wisconsin on the south shore of Lake Superior. During the summer months Cornucopia experiences an influx of tourism due to the close proximity to the lake and the small town charm. We have been working with a few members of the community to create a plan for their main street to be updated in order to accommodate the rise in tourism over the past few years, while also maintaining the small, rural feel of Cornucopia. To determine how the residents of the community feel about our proposed changes and about the village in general, we sent out a survey to residents asking if they would like to see updates, what updates they would like to see, what aspects they would like to see preserved, and if Cornucopia provides a sense of place that could be improved by updates. We also asked citizens to identify how the main street plan can best highlight, support, and build on existing community capital while ensuring that the rural characteristics that make Cornucopia so unique are preserved. We found that the majority of survey respondents would like to see changes and updates made to the Main Street infrastructure as well as an increase in tourism in the area.

• Achievement Awards
• Departmental Awards and Honors

Achievement Awards

Bethel Sophomore Award
Sam Bull

Arthur J. Ingold Jr. – Julia R. Gilman Junior Award
Emily Nobles

Wallace C. Hitchcock Memorial Award
Carson Becicka

Departmental Awards and Honors

Steen-Tucker Award
Trent Wiesner

Henry J. Fitzgibbon Music Award
Olivia Sauer

William Kelsey Howison Music Award
Aela Krubsack

Joel M. Glickman Chequamegon Symphony Orchestra Award
Aela Krubsack

Donald Albrecht Art Award
Tyler Wren

Barbara Bretting Fiction Writing Award Winner
Lillian Knoll for “Mosaic”

Barbara Bretting Fiction Writing Award- runner-up
Greta Keffer for “Jenny Bean”

Barbara Bretting Photography Award Winner
Josie Hadway for “Poise”

Barbara Bretting Photography Award – runner-up
Julio Hernandez for “Thumbs Up”

Barbara Bretting Poetry Writing Award Winner
Lydia Lehman for “What my Mother Gave Me”

Barbara Bretting Poetry Writing Award – runner-up
Greta Keffer for “Tightrope”

Environmental Science and Natural Resources Faculty Award
Destiney Elder-Hall
Jourdan Gamez
Luke Lazorik
Thyme Masters
Addisen Ploeger
Bridget Thornburg

James P. Fennessey Award in Chemistry
Mary Johnson

Matthew Berg Endowed Award
Gavin Fountaine

Nicholas C. Bystrom Award in Mathematics and Statistics
Alexander Neiman

Tim Carpenter Memorial Award
Izzy Vetterman

Bruce Goetz Tools of the Trade Award
Cecilia J. Manno

Bruce Alan Goetz Geosciences Award
Verenice Becerril-Gonzalez

The Parker Matzinger Internships of Impact Award
Josh Kolasch
Gordy Scott

Mayme Raszkowski Stewart Award
Karadyn Kiviaho

Garis Hagstrom Memorial Award
Alivia Heller

Outstanding Achievement in Sustainable Community Development
Anna Meredith Marhefke

Outstanding Business Student Award
Ainsworth Grant

Outdoor Education Outstanding Professional Potential Awards
Kali Hottenroth
Teagan Maier
Mike Van Uytven

Outdoor Education Outstanding Senior Award
Sophie Mintz

Teacher Education: Distinction in Elementary/Middle Student Teaching Award

Rosie Gonzalez

• Achievement Awards
• Departmental Awards and Honors
• Faculty Merit Awards

Achievement Awards

Bethel Sophomore Award
Tyrease James
Arthur J. Ingold Jr. – Julia R. Gilman Junior Award
Bridget Stroede
Wallace C. Hitchcock Memorial Award
Ella Shively

Departmental Awards and Honors

Steen-Tucker Award
Emily Hutler
Henry J. Fitzgibbon Music Award
Emily Hutler
William Kelsey Howison Music Award
Katrina Zimmer
Donald Albrecht Art Award
Sierra Watson
Charles Twining Memorial Award
AnnaSage Rothe
Environmental Science and Natural Resources Faculty Award
Taylor Wittman
Maria Lefevre
Reane Loiselle
Ella Shively
Abigail Spiers
Dakota Stankowski
Khousheng Moua
Leah Kiser
James P. Fennessey Award in Chemistry
Dakota Stankowski
Matthew Berg Endowed Award
Adrian Bethel
Nicholas C. Bystrom Award in Mathematics and Statistics
Taylor Wittman
Tim Carpenter Memorial Award
Michael Lant
Bruce Goetz Tools of the Trade Award
Evelyn Doolittle
Bruce Alan Goetz Geosciences Award
Reane Loiselle
Mary Griggs Burke Center for Freshwater Innovation Award
Jordan Bremer
The Parker Matzinger Internships of Impact Award
Tori Chevalier
James E. Meeker Award for Excellence in Natural Resources Research
Emma Hakanson
Ella Shively
Mayme Raszkowski Stewart Award
Coriander Dehlin
Garis Hagstrom Memorial Award
Mandelyn Lyons
Outstanding Achievement in Sustainable Community Development
Jaclynn Findlay
Chue Lee Chang
Outstanding Business Student Award
Lee Dennis
Outdoor Education Outstanding Professional Potential Awards
Luna Anderson-Duggan
Grace Pence
Isabella Salinas
Outdoor Education Outstanding Senior Award
Josh Keske
Outdoor Education Outstanding Junior Award
Macy Cunningham
Outdoor Education Outstanding Sophomore Award
Joey Eldridge
Teacher Education: Distinction in Elementary/Middle Student Teaching Award

Amelia Olson
Teacher Education: Distinction in Secondary Education/Social Studies Teaching Award
Alex Carey

Faculty Merit Awards

Outstanding Service Award
Dr. Angela Stroud
Outstanding Scholarship/Professional Activities Award
Dr. Paula Spaeth-Anich
Dr. Erik Olson
Dr. Jonathan Martin
Dr. Sharon Anthony
Dr. Michaela Carlson
Dr. Alissa Hulstrand
Outstanding Teaching Award
Dr. Jennifer Kuklenski